Best Stocks and Shares ISA UK 2026: Top Platforms, Fees, FRNs and Tax Rules

Editor's Top Picks for Stocks and Shares ISAs 2026

Why Stocks and Shares ISAs Matter More in 2026

The April 2027 reduction of the Cash ISA allowance to 12,000 pounds for under-65s is a deliberate policy lever to push more UK savers into stocks. The government's objective is to channel household savings into UK equity markets, supporting domestic companies and pension funds. For individual savers, the practical effect is that Stocks and Shares ISAs become a larger proportion of allowable tax-free saving from 2027 onwards.

The personal savings allowance protects some cash interest from tax (1,000 pounds for basic rate, 500 for higher rate, zero for additional rate). But there is no equivalent shield for dividend income or capital gains outside an ISA. With dividend allowance cut to 500 pounds from April 2024 and CGT annual allowance at 3,000 pounds, investors holding taxable portfolios of any meaningful size pay tax on almost all returns. An ISA wrapper eliminates that entirely, which compounds dramatically over decades.

The Fee Math: Why Provider Choice Is Huge

Consider two identical 200,000 pound Stocks and Shares ISAs, both invested in the same index funds, one at Hargreaves Lansdown at 0.35 percent (from March 2026) and one at Interactive Investor Plus at 14.99 per month. HL charges 700 pounds per year; II charges 180. The difference is 520 pounds annually, and HL's fee grows with pot size while II's stays fixed. Over 20 years, assuming 5 percent annual returns, that 520 pound annual difference compounds into approximately 18,000 pounds of lost wealth.

Multiply by a two-person household both running ISAs, or scale up for larger pots over longer horizons, and the numbers get uncomfortable. For a couple investing 40,000 pounds per year (both maxing the 20,000 allowance), switching from a 0.45 percent platform to a flat-fee provider once total ISAs exceed 100,000 can save 30,000 to 50,000 pounds over a 25-year accumulation phase — before any investment performance difference.

Investment Options Inside a Stocks and Shares ISA

Most UK ISA platforms give access to thousands of funds, UK and international shares, ETFs, investment trusts, bonds, and gilts. The practical question is not what you can buy but what you should buy. For the vast majority of savers, a simple diversified portfolio of low-cost index funds or a single global ETF has produced better outcomes than active stock-picking or fund-picking over 20+ year periods.

The Vanguard FTSE All-World ETF (VWRP) is a common single-fund solution: it provides exposure to over 4,000 companies across 50 developed and emerging markets at an ongoing charge of 0.22 percent per year. Alternatives include the iShares MSCI World ETF (0.20 percent), the Vanguard LifeStrategy range (0.22 percent, blended equities plus bonds), or the HSBC FTSE All-World Index Fund. For savers who want to match a multi-asset portfolio without making active decisions, these one-fund solutions deliver broad diversification at minimal cost.

More engaged investors might split between UK and global equities (for example, a 25 percent UK tilt via Vanguard FTSE UK All Share Index and 75 percent global via FTSE All-World), or add specific allocations to emerging markets, small-cap, or defensive sectors. The FTSE All-World at 0.22 percent is hard to beat as a default choice; adjustments should reflect specific views rather than general diversification, which the global fund already provides.

Lifetime ISAs and Junior ISAs: Worth Knowing

The Lifetime ISA (LISA) sits within the 20,000 pound annual ISA allowance but has its own 4,000 pound annual cap and attracts a 25 percent government bonus on contributions — up to 1,000 pounds of free money per year. LISAs are restricted to first-home purchase (up to 450,000 pound property value) or retirement (access from age 60). Withdrawals for other purposes attract a 25 percent penalty that returns less than the original contribution.

LISAs are Stocks and Shares or Cash variants. For first-time buyers with a 3 to 5 year timeline, Cash LISAs are typically better (predictable value at point of deposit). For retirement-focused LISAs with 15+ year horizons, Stocks and Shares LISAs benefit from long-term market growth plus the 25 percent bonus, making them among the most generous tax-advantaged accounts available to UK savers aged 18 to 39.

Junior ISAs sit outside the 20,000 pound adult allowance and allow 9,000 pounds per tax year per child in Cash or Stocks and Shares. The money belongs to the child and is locked until age 18 (withdrawals possible from 16 for management purposes only). For parents and grandparents with surplus capacity, systematically funding Junior ISAs is one of the most tax-efficient ways to build generational wealth while using gifting exemptions under current IHT rules. A Stocks and Shares Junior ISA funded at 9,000 pounds per year for 18 years, achieving 6 percent net returns, would reach approximately 277,000 pounds at the child's 18th birthday.

Bed and ISA: Moving Taxable Investments Tax-Free

For savers holding taxable investments alongside their ISA, the Bed and ISA strategy is a powerful tool. The process: sell a holding in a general investment account, use the proceeds to fund your ISA contribution (up to 20,000 pounds), then buy back the same investment inside the ISA wrapper. You crystallise any capital gains in the process but use your 3,000 pound annual CGT allowance, potentially with zero tax cost if gains are within the allowance. All future growth is then tax-free.

Most major platforms (AJ Bell, Hargreaves Lansdown, Interactive Investor, Fidelity) offer Bed and ISA as a one-click process with minimal spread cost. The typical trade-through spread is under 0.05 percent for liquid holdings. This makes the strategy particularly valuable for savers with taxable portfolios built up during years when ISA allowances were lower or unused. Over several tax years, a meaningful taxable portfolio can be migrated entirely into tax-free status.

The CGT angle matters. If your taxable investments have significant unrealised gains (say a Vanguard holding bought in 2015 that has tripled), you can only migrate them gradually each year to stay within the 3,000 pound CGT allowance. For larger gains, spreading Bed and ISA operations across both spouses (using each person's allowance) and multiple tax years can complete the migration without triggering CGT.

Stocks and Shares ISA vs SIPP for Retirement

Both ISAs and SIPPs offer tax-advantaged growth, but the tax treatment differs on input and output. SIPPs get tax relief on contributions (20 to 45 percent at your marginal rate) but all withdrawals above the 25 percent tax-free cash are taxed as income. ISAs get no contribution relief but all withdrawals are entirely tax-free regardless of amount or timing.

For higher-rate taxpayers approaching retirement who expect to be basic-rate in retirement, SIPPs usually win: 40 percent relief going in, 20 percent tax coming out, with tax-free growth in between. For basic-rate taxpayers, ISAs often win because the SIPP tax arbitrage is smaller (20 in, 20 out). For retirement ages 55 to 67 where pension income is taxable but ISA income is not, having both wrappers provides tax planning flexibility.

The April 2027 pension IHT changes strengthen the case for ISAs as a long-term savings vehicle for anyone with inheritance objectives. ISAs retain their tax-free status for the ISA holder but lose the wrapper at death (becoming part of the taxable estate). Pensions entering IHT from April 2027 face 40 percent IHT plus potential income tax for non-spouse beneficiaries. The combined effective rate on inherited pensions can reach 64 percent; the effective rate on inherited ISAs above the nil-rate band is 40 percent. Neither is ideal, but ISAs are clearly better for passing wealth to children.

The April 2027 Cash ISA Cut: Strategic Implications

The government confirmed in the Autumn 2025 Budget that the Cash ISA allowance drops from 20,000 pounds to 12,000 pounds for under-65s from 6 April 2027. Over-65s retain the full 20,000 pound allowance. The policy is explicitly designed to channel younger savers into UK stocks and shares, with the Treasury framing it as supporting pension fund investment returns and domestic capital markets.

For under-65 savers, the practical effect is that to use the full 20,000 pound ISA allowance from April 2027, the 8,000 pound gap above the Cash ISA cap must go into a Stocks and Shares ISA, Innovative Finance ISA, or Lifetime ISA. This means many savers who historically used only Cash ISAs will need to open a Stocks and Shares ISA for the first time. The government's implicit assumption is that these savers will accept equity risk they previously avoided.

The strategic response for over-50s saving for short-to-medium term goals (house deposits, education costs, retirement cash buffer) is to maximise Cash ISA contributions in the 2026/27 tax year while the 20,000 pound allowance remains. The strategic response for longer-term savers is to embrace the shift: if your time horizon is 10+ years, a Stocks and Shares ISA was likely the better choice anyway, and the April 2027 rule change simply makes that choice compulsory for a larger portion of the allowance.

Common Investment Portfolios for ISA Investors

Common Mistakes UK ISA Investors Make

The most common mistake is closing a Stocks and Shares ISA to move the money rather than doing a formal ISA transfer. The moment you withdraw from an ISA without using the transfer process, you lose the tax-free wrapper on that money forever. All the accumulated growth from previous years becomes subject to normal tax rules when reinvested outside the ISA. Always use your new provider's transfer form; they manage the process with your old provider and it typically completes in 15 working days.

The second mistake is panic selling during market downturns. Stocks and Shares ISAs can fall 30 percent or more in a single year — this is the price of long-term equity returns. Research by Vanguard shows that UK investors who panic-sell during drawdowns typically miss the subsequent recovery and underperform buy-and-hold by 2 to 4 percentage points per year over multi-decade horizons. Discipline through volatility is worth more than any clever stock picking.

The third mistake is over-diversification across too many funds. Holding 15 different funds feels like diversification but often produces significant overlap: five funds all holding the same 100 UK large-caps in slightly different proportions. A single global index fund delivers genuine diversification (4,000+ companies) at lower cost and simpler administration than a sprawling portfolio of ten to fifteen specialist funds.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is a Stocks and Shares ISA?

A Stocks and Shares ISA is a tax-free investment wrapper available to UK residents aged 18+. You can invest in shares, funds, ETFs, investment trusts and bonds with no tax on dividends, interest, or capital gains. The 2026/27 allowance is 20,000 pounds across all ISA types combined. From April 2027 the cash ISA sub-allowance will be reduced to 12,000 pounds for under-65s, making Stocks and Shares ISAs relatively more valuable for younger savers.

Who offers the best Stocks and Shares ISA in 2026?

For small pots and index investors, Vanguard at 0.15 percent platform fee (capped at 375) is cheapest. AJ Bell at 0.25 percent (capped at 42 for shares) is best value for most 30k to 250k portfolios. Interactive Investor's flat-fee plans (5.99 to 39.99 per month) become cheapest above 100k. InvestEngine offers zero platform fee on ETF-only portfolios. For premium service, Hargreaves Lansdown remains strong despite higher fees.

Stocks and Shares ISA vs Cash ISA: which is better?

For time horizons over 5 years, Stocks and Shares ISAs have historically outperformed Cash ISAs by a wide margin. The FTSE All-Share has delivered around 5 percent annualised real returns over the long run versus roughly 1 percent for typical Cash ISAs. The trade-off is volatility: Stocks and Shares ISAs can fall 30 percent or more in a single year. For money needed in less than 5 years, Cash ISAs win. For retirement or long-term wealth building, Stocks and Shares ISAs usually win.

How does the Bed and ISA strategy work?

Bed and ISA lets you transfer taxable investments into your ISA in one operation. You sell a holding in a general investment account, use the proceeds to fund your ISA contribution, then buy back the same investment inside the ISA wrapper. You crystallise any capital gains in the process (using your 3,000 pound annual CGT allowance) but all future growth is tax-free. Most platforms offer Bed and ISA as a one-click process with minimal spread cost.

What are the ISA allowance rules in 2026/27?

The total ISA allowance for 2026/27 is 20,000 pounds per person, unchanged from 2025/26. This can be split across multiple ISA types: Cash ISA, Stocks and Shares ISA, Innovative Finance ISA, and Lifetime ISA (which has its own 4,000 pound sub-allowance). Since April 2024 you can open and pay into multiple ISAs of the same type in a single tax year. The Junior ISA allowance is separate at 9,000 pounds per child.

What happens to my ISA if I die?

ISAs pass to a surviving spouse or civil partner via the Additional Permitted Subscription (APS) rule, which lets the survivor inherit the tax-free wrapper in addition to their own allowance. For non-spouse beneficiaries, the ISA loses its tax-free status at death and the underlying assets become part of the taxable estate subject to Inheritance Tax rules. Unlike pensions from April 2027, ISAs do not have separate IHT treatment.

What the FCA register confirms about each ISA platform

Every UK Stocks and Shares ISA platform must be authorised by the Financial Conduct Authority. Before opening an account or transferring an existing ISA, verify the platform on the FCA Financial Services Register by searching the firm name or Firm Reference Number (FRN). The register confirms whether the firm is authorised, the permissions it holds, and whether any restrictions or warnings apply.

The FRNs for the major UK Stocks and Shares ISA providers (verified on the FCA register, May 2026):

The FRN matters because it determines FSCS investment compensation grouping. AJ Bell Youinvest, AJ Bell Dodl and AJ Bell Investcentre share FRN 155593, so the £85,000 FSCS limit applies once across all three brands. Halifax Share Dealing, Scottish Widows Share Dealing (formerly iWeb), Lloyds Bank Direct Investments and Bank of Scotland Share Dealing all share FRN 183332. Most other major platforms (HL, Vanguard, Interactive Investor, Trading 212, Freetrade, InvestEngine) operate under their own individual FCA authorisation and therefore have separate FSCS protection.

Anyone calling themselves an "investment platform" or offering ISA accounts must hold specific FCA permissions for "arranging deals in investments" or "dealing in investments as agent". Always check the firm name on the FCA register before transferring funds. The FCA's Warning List publishes known clone firms, including a 2025 clone of Hargreaves Lansdown that was actively targeting UK investors.

FSCS investment protection: how it works for ISAs

The Financial Services Compensation Scheme covers investments held through FCA-authorised UK firms up to £85,000 per person per FRN. This is separate from, and not affected by, the £120,000 deposit protection limit that applies to cash savings and was increased on 1 December 2025 (FSCS). If you hold a Stocks and Shares ISA at one platform plus a Cash ISA at a different bank, you have two separate compensation limits.

What FSCS investment protection covers:

• Platform failure where client assets are lost or unrecoverable. UK ISA platforms are required to hold client investments in nominee accounts ring-fenced from the platform's own balance sheet, so in normal failures investments are returned in full and FSCS compensation is rare. Compensation applies where ring-fencing has failed or where client money has been misappropriated.
• Authorised firm fraud by the platform or its directors, up to the £85,000 limit.
• Bad investment advice from an FCA-authorised adviser, where the advice itself caused loss.

What FSCS does not cover:

• Investment performance. A fall in fund or share value because the market dropped is not compensated. FSCS protects against firm failure, not market risk.
• Foreign markets where the underlying asset is held outside the UK protection scheme. UK-domiciled funds are covered; investments held directly on foreign exchanges through a UK platform may have different protection chains.
• Cryptoassets in most cases. Most crypto-related products are outside the FSCS perimeter even when offered through FCA-authorised firms.

If you hold an ISA portfolio worth more than £85,000 with a single platform, the FSCS limit does not protect the excess. In practice this risk is small because of ring-fencing rules, but for portfolios above £100,000 some investors split holdings across two FRN-distinct platforms purely for compensation diversification.

What the FCA Consumer Duty (PRIN 2A) means for ISA investors in 2026

Consumer Duty has been in force across all FCA-regulated retail products since July 2023, with closed products and existing services brought in a year later. By 2026 it has moved out of the implementation phase into active supervision and enforcement as part of the FCA's strategy 2025-2030.

For ISA investors, the practical effect of Consumer Duty (codified in the FCA Handbook as Principle 12 and PRIN 2A) is that platforms must demonstrate fair value and deliver good outcomes, not just process compliance. Three areas of direct relevance:

Fair value (PRIN 2A.4). The FCA's December 2025 fair value review found that some firms were relying on high-level claims that their pricing was inherently fair. The regulator flagged this as inadequate. Platforms charging percentage-based fees on large portfolios must now justify the relationship between price and benefit. This is part of why platforms with flat-fee structures (Interactive Investor at £14.99 per month, AJ Bell Dodl at £1 per month per product subject to minimum) increasingly compete on the value-for-pot-size argument.

Foreseeable harm (PRIN 2A.2). Platforms must proactively identify risks of harm. For ISA investors, this includes inappropriate concentration risk, fees compounding into double-digit lifetime drag, and the long-term cost of staying on a percentage-fee platform when a flat-fee alternative would deliver a materially better outcome. The FCA has signalled that firms relying on customer inertia will face supervisory scrutiny.

Customer support (PRIN 2A.6). The customer support outcome requires firms to deliver help that meets the customer's needs without disproportionate friction. For ISA transfers, this matters because the FCA's 2025 supervisory work flagged the time it takes some firms to process ISA transfers as an emerging concern. The benchmark transfer time across major platforms is now around 4 to 8 weeks, although the industry target is shorter.

The actionable consequence: if your platform's fees no longer represent fair value for your portfolio size (compare your annual fee against £14.99 per month flat once your portfolio exceeds about £100,000), the right action is to transfer. Fees compound; switching is friction-free at most major UK platforms; and Consumer Duty obligations now sit on the receiving platform to make the transfer process work for you.

The 2025 Autumn Budget changes that make ISAs more valuable in 2026

Three changes announced in the November 2025 Autumn Budget materially increase the value of an ISA wrapper from April 2026 and April 2027.

Dividend tax rates rising from 6 April 2026. All UK dividend tax rates increased by 2 percentage points: basic rate from 8.75% to 10.75%, higher rate from 33.75% to 35.75%, additional rate from 39.35% to 41.35%. The dividend allowance remains at £500 per year, down from £5,000 in 2017-18. A higher-rate taxpayer receiving £10,000 in dividends outside an ISA now pays roughly £358 more per year than in 2025-26. Inside an ISA, dividend tax is zero.

Cash ISA cap from 6 April 2027. Savers under 65 will be capped at £12,000 per year in Cash ISAs, with the remaining £8,000 of the £20,000 allowance restricted to Stocks and Shares, Innovative Finance, or Lifetime ISAs. Existing Cash ISA balances are not affected; only new contributions from April 2027 onwards are subject to the lower cap. Savers aged 65 and over retain the full £20,000 Cash ISA allowance. The 2026-27 tax year is therefore the last full year in which under-65s can use the full £20,000 in cash.

Savings interest tax rates rising from 6 April 2027. Savings interest tax bands will rise by 2 percentage points (basic 22%, higher 42%, additional 47%). With Bank Rate at 3.75% and best easy-access savings paying around 4.5%, more savers are pushing through the £1,000/£500 Personal Savings Allowance and into taxable territory. Cash inside an ISA wrapper is unaffected by the rate rises.

The combined effect: every £20,000 used inside an ISA now shields meaningfully more lifetime tax than in any previous tax year. For a higher-rate taxpayer holding a £100,000 dividend-paying portfolio, the ISA wrapper saves approximately £3,000 to £3,500 per year in dividend tax alone at the new 35.75% rate. Sources: HM Treasury Autumn Budget 2025, gov.uk Individual Savings Accounts.

Bed and ISA: how to move taxable holdings into the wrapper without losing the gain

"Bed and ISA" describes the process of selling investments held in a General Investment Account (GIA), then immediately repurchasing the same investments inside a Stocks and Shares ISA. The point is to wrap existing holdings in the tax-free shelter going forward. The mechanics:

1. Sell the holding in the GIA. This realises the capital gain. If the gain exceeds the £3,000 annual CGT exemption, the excess is taxable at 18% (basic-rate taxpayers, residential property excluded) or 24% (higher and additional rate taxpayers). The sale itself is the taxable event; the subsequent purchase inside the ISA is not.
2. Subscribe the proceeds to the ISA. Up to £20,000 per tax year per person (2026-27 allowance). Most platforms can do this as a single Bed-and-ISA transaction with reduced market exposure between the sell and buy; some require manual sell, then buy.
3. Repurchase the holding inside the ISA. From this point, all future dividends, interest and capital gains on that holding are tax-free.

The arithmetic of when to do this:

• If your existing GIA gain is below £3,000, the Bed and ISA crystallises a tax-free gain and shelters all future growth. There is no downside and substantial upside.
• If your gain is above £3,000, you pay CGT on the excess now to avoid larger tax bills later. The break-even depends on your expected dividend yield and time horizon. For a 4% dividend portfolio held for 10+ years, the lifetime dividend tax saving usually exceeds the upfront CGT cost by a wide margin.
• A married couple should consider an inter-spouse transfer first (no CGT on transfers between spouses). If one spouse has unused CGT allowance and ISA allowance, gifting the holding to that spouse before the Bed and ISA can double the allowances available.

Most platforms (Hargreaves Lansdown, AJ Bell, Interactive Investor, Trading 212, Vanguard) offer Bed and ISA as a built-in transaction with a single instruction. Some charge a small dealing fee for the buy or sell side; many waive it during ISA season (January to April). The most efficient time to do Bed and ISA is the start of the tax year (early April), to maximise time inside the wrapper and to avoid the seasonal queue.

Why "best performing" Stocks and Shares ISA is the wrong question

A common search query is "best performing Stocks and Shares ISA". The honest answer is that performance is a property of what you invest in, not the ISA wrapper or the platform. The ISA itself is a tax shelter; the platform is a custodian and an order-routing service. The investment return comes from the underlying funds, ETFs, shares or bonds you choose to hold inside the wrapper.

Two specific reasons published "best performing" rankings mislead readers:

Selection bias. Past performance over a chosen period reflects what was popular or lucky during that period, not what will perform next. Funds that topped 5-year league tables in 2020 disproportionately underperformed in 2023. The FCA's asset management thematic reviews have repeatedly flagged that consistent past performance is rare; chasing it produces worse outcomes than holding low-cost broadly diversified funds.

Survivorship bias. League tables typically show only the funds that still exist. Funds that performed badly are often closed or merged, removing them from the historical record. The published "best 10 performers over 10 years" understates how concentrated long-run returns actually are, and how rare it is to pick a winner ex-ante.

What actually matters for long-run returns inside an ISA:

• Total expense ratio (TER) of the underlying funds. A 0.22% TER fund (Vanguard FTSE All-World) compounded over 30 years produces meaningfully different outcomes from a 1.5% TER active fund, even if their gross returns are identical.
• Platform fees. A 0.45% platform fee on a £200,000 portfolio is £900 per year. The same portfolio at Interactive Investor's £14.99 per month flat fee is £180 per year. Over 25 years of compounding, the difference is in the tens of thousands.
• Tracking error and fund consistency. For passive funds, the tracking error to the index is the relevant performance measure, not raw return. For active funds, consistency of process and team stability matter more than any one year's number.
• Time in market. The single largest determinant of long-run ISA outcomes is how many years the money was invested, not which funds were chosen within reasonable limits. A 30-year holding of a low-cost global tracker outperforms most actively-managed alternatives.

The right question is not "which Stocks and Shares ISA performed best last year" but "which platform offers the lowest total cost of ownership for my pot size, and which globally diversified fund or ETF do I want to hold inside it for the next 20 years". That is the question this guide is designed to answer.

How we verified this guide

This article was reviewed and updated on 3 May 2026. The verification steps:

• FRNs for the eight major UK ISA platforms were confirmed on the FCA Financial Services Register on 3 May 2026.
• ISA allowance and rules are from gov.uk Individual Savings Accounts and the November 2025 Autumn Budget (HM Treasury).
• Dividend tax rate increases for 2026-27 (basic 10.75%, higher 35.75%, additional 41.35%) are from the Autumn Budget 2025 documentation.
• Cash ISA cap from April 2027 of £12,000 for under-65s is from HM Treasury's Autumn Budget 2025 announcement.
• CGT annual exempt amount of £3,000 and dividend allowance of £500 are from HMRC's published 2025-26 and 2026-27 rates.
• FCA Consumer Duty rules are from the FCA Handbook (Principle 12, PRIN 2A) and the FCA's December 2025 fair value frameworks review.
• FSCS investment protection of £85,000 per FRN is from FSCS investment cover; the £120,000 deposit limit increase from 1 December 2025 is documented separately by the FSCS.
• Platform fees and product details (Vanguard at 0.15% capped at £375 per year, AJ Bell at 0.25% with £42 cap, Interactive Investor at £14.99 per month, Hargreaves Lansdown at 0.35% from March 2026, InvestEngine at 0% platform fee, Nutmeg managed portfolios) were taken from each provider's published fee schedule on 3 May 2026, not from third-party comparison sites.

We do not accept payment from any platform, fund manager or comparison site for placement in this guide. Where a platform is named, it is because its published terms make it the most cost-effective for the specified pot size as of the review date. Fees and product terms change frequently; verify current terms with the provider before transferring or opening an account.

Disclaimer

This article is for information only and does not constitute financial advice. ISA rules, allowances, dividend tax rates and platform fees change frequently; verify current terms with HMRC and the platform before making any decision. Investments can fall in value as well as rise; past performance is not a guide to future returns. Always check that any platform you deal with is authorised on the FCA Financial Services Register. The £85,000 FSCS investment compensation limit applies per FRN, and is separate from the £120,000 deposit protection limit that applies to Cash ISAs and other deposit accounts.

Sources

• FCA, Financial Services Register
• FCA Handbook, PRIN 2A (Consumer Duty)
• FCA, Consumer Duty fair value review (December 2025)
• gov.uk, Individual Savings Accounts (ISAs)
• HM Treasury, Autumn Budget 2025
• gov.uk, Tax on dividends
• gov.uk, Capital Gains Tax
• FSCS, Investments cover